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Jules Ferry

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Jules Ferry

In office

21 February 1883 – 30 March 1885

President

Preceded by

Succeeded by

In office

23 September 1880 – 10 November 1881

President

Jules Grévy

Preceded by

Succeeded by

In office

24 February 1893 – 17 March 1893

Preceded by

Succeeded by

In office

21 February 1883 – 20 November 1883

Prime Minister

Himself

Preceded by

Succeeded by

Armand Fallières

In office

30 January 1882 – 29 July 1882

Prime Minister

Charles de Freycinet

Preceded by

Succeeded by

Jules Duvaux

In office

4 February 1879 – 10 November 1881

Prime Minister

Charles de Freycinet

Himself

Preceded by

Succeeded by

Paul Bert

for

In office

8 February 1871 – 6 October 1889

Preceded by

Succeeded by

In office

15 November 1870 – 5 June 1871

Preceded by

Succeeded by

Office abolished

(1977)

for

In office

8 June 1869 – 8 February 1871

Preceded by

Succeeded by

Personal details

Born

Jules François Camille

Ferry

5 April 1832

Died

17 March 1893

(aged 60)

Paris,

(1869–1871)

(1871–1888)

(1888–1893)

Spouse

Eugénie Risler

(

1875)

(1850–1920)

Profession

Jules François Camille Ferry

(

French:

; 5 April 1832 – 17 March

1893) was a French statesman and republican philosopher.

He was one of the

leaders of the

and served as

from 1880 to 1881 and 1883 to 1885. He was a promoter of

and

Under the

, Ferry made primary education free and

compulsory through several

However, he was forced to resign

following the

in 1885 due to his unpopularity and public

opinion against the war.

Biography

[

]

Early life and family

[

]

Ferry was born in France, in the

, to Charles-Édouard Ferry,

from a family that had established itself in Saint-Dié as

and Adélaïde Jamelet.

His paternal grandfather, François-

Joseph Ferry, was mayor of Saint-Dié through the

and the

He studied law, and was called to the bar at Paris in 1854,

but

soon went into politics, contributing to various newspapers, particularly to

. He attacked the

with great violence, directing

his opposition especially against

, prefect of the

. A series of his articles in

Le Temps

was later republished as

The

Fantastic Tales of Haussmann

(1868).

Political rise

[

]

Elected republican deputy for Paris in 1869, he protested against the

declaration of

, and on 6 September 1870 was appointed prefect

of the Seine by the

In this position, he had the difficult task of administering Paris during the

siege, and after the

was obliged to resign (5 June 1871). From

1872 to 1873, he was sent by

as minister to Athens, but

returned to the chamber as deputy for the Vosges, and became one of the

leaders of the

. When the first republican ministry was

formed under

on 4 February 1879, he was one of its members,

and continued in the ministry until 30 March 1885, except for two short

interruptions (from 10 November 1881 to 30 January 1882, and from 29 July 1882

to 21 February 1883), first as minister of education and then as minister of

foreign affairs. A leader of the

faction, he was twice

premier (1880–1881 and 1883–1885).

He was an active

initiated on

8 July 1875, in "La Clémente Amitiée" lodge in Paris, the same day as

He became a member of the "Alsace-Lorraine" Lodge

founded in Paris in 1782.

School reforms

[

]

Two important works are associated with his administration: the non-clerical

organization of public education, and the major

Ferry believed the path to a modernized and prosperous France lay in the

triumph of reason over religion. School reforms were a key part of his

plan.

Following the republican program, he proposed to destroy the influence of the

clergy in universities and founded his own system of republican schooling. He

reorganized the committee of public education (law of 27 February 1880) and

proposed a regulation for the conferring of university degrees, which, though

rejected, aroused violent polemics because the 7th article took away from the

unauthorized religious orders the right to teach. He finally succeeded in

passing his

of 16 June 1881 and 28 March 1882, which made

primary

(

) and mandatory. In

higher education, the number of professors called the "Republic's black

hussars" (French:

hussards noirs de la République

) because of their Republican

support, doubled under his ministry.

Colonial expansion

[

]

's cartoon

on Ferry, where he eats

a gingerbread priest

(1878)

After the

1870, Ferry formed the idea of acquiring a great

colonial empire, principally for the sake of

economic exploitation.

In 1882, as Minister of

Public Instruction, he decided to create a mission

to explore the Regency of Tunisia.

The expedition

was headed by the botanist

and included the botanist

and other naturalists.

In 1884 a geological section under

was added to the Tunisian Scientific Exploration Mission.

Rolland was assisted by

from 1885 and by

1887.

In a speech on the colonial empire before the Chamber of Deputies on 28 March

1884, he declared that "it is a right for the superior races, because they

have a duty. They have the duty to civilize the inferior races."

Ferry

directed the negotiations which led to the establishment of a French

(1881), prepared the treaty of 17 December 1885 for the

occupation of

; directed the exploration of the

and of the

region; and above all, he organized the conquest of

and

what became

The last of these endeavours led to a war with the

China, which

had a claim of suzerainty over the two provinces. The excitement caused in

Paris by the sudden

from

during this war

led to the

: his violent denunciation by

and other

radicals, and his downfall on 30 March 1885. Although the

(9 June 1885), in which the Qing dynasty ceded suzerainty

of Annam and Tonkin to France, was the work of his ministry, he would never

again serve as premier.

The desire for a monarchy was strong in France in the early years of the

–

having made a bid early in its history. A committed republican, Ferry undertook a wide-scale "purge" by dismissing

many known monarchists from top positions in the

, army, and civil and diplomatic service.

In the 1890s, he visited Algeria and provided a critical report. He predicted that Algeria could not escape a conflict

between Indigènes and Europeans:

He was interested in providing education to the Indigènes, while the

were sceptical about this topic.

He was given a poor image of the settlers because they did not want to pay taxes.

He also noted that the Indigène was contributing to the

Communes de plein exercice

without profiting from it.

He considered the settlers were poorly chosen, and that they were too numerous

He was in favour of the self-government of Algeria but considered the settlers were not educated enough to do so

He considered that the Muslims did not want French citizenship, Military service, French mandatory schools, or

civil French law.

He considered that the Muslims wanted fewer taxes, taxes more used for their needs, the authority of the

cadis

Muslim city councillors' involvement in the Mayor election

He also considered that the Land Laws were a failure.

Agreements with Germany

[

]

This section

does not

any

Please help

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(

April 2018

)

(

)

Portrait of Ferry by

The key to understanding Ferry's unique position in Third Republic history is that until his

political critic

became Prime Minister twice in the 20th century, Ferry

had the longest tenure as Prime Minister under that regime. He also played with political

dynamite that eventually destroyed his success. Ferry (like his 20th-century equivalent

) believed in not confronting Wilhelmine Germany by threats of a future war of revenge. Most French

politicians in the middle and right saw it as a sacred duty to one day lead France again against Germany to reclaim

, and avenge the awful defeat of 1870. But Ferry realized that Germany was too powerful, and it made

more sense to cooperate with

and avoid trouble. A sensible policy – but hardly popular.

Bismarck was constantly nervous about the situation with France. Although he had despised the ineptness of the French

under

and the government of

and

, he had not planned for all the demands he

presented to the French in 1870. He only wished to temporarily cripple France by the billion-franc reparation, but

suddenly he was confronted by the demands of Marshals

and

(backed by Emperor

) to annex the two French provinces as further payment. Bismarck, for all his abilities regarding the

manipulation of events, could not afford to anger the Prussian military. He got the two provinces, but he realized it

would eventually have severe future repercussions.

Bismarck was able to ignore the French for most of the 1870s and early 1880s, but as he found problems with his three

erstwhile allies (Austria, Russia, and Italy), he realized France might one day take advantage of this (as it did with

Russia in 1894). When Ferry came up with a radically different approach to the situation and offered an olive branch,

Bismarck reciprocated. A Franco-German friendship would alleviate problems of siding with either Austria or Russia, or

Austria and Italy. Bismarck approved of the colonial expansion that France pursued under Ferry. He only had some

problems with local German imperialists who were critical that Germany lacked colonies, so he found a few in the

1880s, making certain he did not confront French interests. But he also suggested Franco-German cooperation on the

imperial front against the British Empire, thus hoping to create a wedge between the two Western European great

powers. It did, as a result, leading to a major race for influence across Africa that nearly culminated in war in the

next decade, at

in the

in 1898. But by then, both Bismarck and Ferry were dead, and the rapprochement

policy died when Ferry lost office. As for Fashoda, while it was a confrontation, it led to Britain and France

eventually discussing their rival colonial goals, and agreeing to support each other's sphere of influence – the first

step to the

between the countries in 1904.

Later life

[

]

Ferry remained an influential member of the moderate republican party and directed the opposition to

. After the resignation of

(2 December 1887), he was a candidate for the presidency of the

republic, but the radicals refused to support him, and he withdrew in favour of

On 10 December 1887,

a man named Aubertin attempted to assassinate Jules Ferry, who would later die on 17 March

1893 from complications attributed to this wound. The

gave him a state funeral.

Ferry's 1st Ministry, 23 September 1880 – 14 November 1881

[

]

Jules Ferry –

and

–

– Minister of Public Works

– Minister of Posts and Telegraphs

– Minister of Agriculture and Commerce

Ferry's 2nd Ministry, 21 February 1883 – 6 April 1885

[

]

Jules Ferry – President of the Council and Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts

– Minister of Foreign Affairs

– Minister of War

– Minister of the Interior

– Minister of Finance

– Minister of Justice and Worship

– Minister of Marine and Colonies

– Minister of Agriculture

– Minister of Public Works

– Minister of Posts and Telegraphs

– Minister of Commerce

Changes

9 August 1883 –

succeeds Charles Brun as Minister of Marine and Colonies

9 October 1883 –

succeeds Thibaudin as Minister of War.

20 November 1883 – Jules Ferry succeeds Challemel-Lacour as Minister of Foreign Affairs.

succeeds

Ferry as Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts.

14 October 1884 –

succeeds Hérisson as Minister of Commerce

3 January 1885 –

succeeds Campenon as Minister of War.