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Ivan Pavlov

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In this name that follows

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Pavlov

Ivan Pavlov

Иван Павлов

Pavlov in his later years

Born

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

26 September 1849

Died

27 February 1936

(aged 86)

Alma mater

Known for

Founder of modern

Spouse

Seraphima Vasilievna

Karchevskaya

(

1881

)

Children

Awards

(1904)

(1907)

(1915)

Scientific career

Fields

Institutions

Doctoral

students

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

(

Иван Петрович Павлов

IPA:

; 26 September [

14 September] 1849 – 27

February 1936)

was a Russian and Soviet experimental neurologist and

known for his discovery of

through his

experiments with dogs. Pavlov also conducted significant research on the

physiology of

, for which he was awarded the

in 1904.

Education and early life

[

]

The Pavlov Memorial Museum in

, Pavlov's former home,

built in the early 19th century

Pavlov was born on 26 September 1849, the

first of ten children,

. His father, Peter Dmitrievich

Pavlov (1823–1899), was a village

priest.

His mother, Varvara

Ivanovna Uspenskaya (1826–1890), was a homemaker. As a child, Pavlov willingly

participated in house duties such as doing the dishes and taking care of his

siblings. He loved to garden, ride his bicycle, row, swim, and play

;

he devoted his summer vacations to these activities.

Although able to read

by the age of seven, Pavlov did not begin formal schooling until he was 11

years old, due to serious injuries he had sustained when falling from a high

wall onto a stone pavement.

From his childhood days, Pavlov demonstrated intellectual curiosity along with

what he referred to as "the instinct for research".

He attended the Ryazan

church school before entering the local theological

. Inspired by the

progressive ideas which

, a Russian

of the

1860s, and

, the father of Russian physiology, were spreading,

Pavlov abandoned his religious career without graduating and devoted his life

to science.

In 1870, he enrolled in the physics and mathematics department at the

to study natural science.

In his fourth year,

his first research project on the physiology of the nerves of the pancreas

won him a prestigious university award. In 1875, Pavlov received the degree of

Candidate of Natural Sciences. Impelled by his interest in physiology, Pavlov

decided to continue his studies and proceeded to the

. While at the academy, Pavlov became an assistant to his

former teacher,

He left the department when de Cyon was

replaced by another instructor.

After some time, Pavlov obtained a position as a laboratory assistant to

Konstantin Ustimovich at the physiological department of the Veterinary

Institute.

For two years, Pavlov investigated the circulatory system for

his medical dissertation.

In 1878, Professor

, a clinician,

invited Pavlov to work in the physiological laboratory as the clinic's chief.

In 1879, he graduated from the Medical Military Academy with a gold medal for

his research work. After a competitive examination, Pavlov won a fellowship at

the academy for postgraduate work.

Ivan Pavlov

1883

The fellowship and his position as director of the Physiological Laboratory at

Botkin's clinic enabled Pavlov to continue his research work.

[

]

1883, he presented his doctor's thesis on the subject of

The centrifugal nerves of

the heart

and posited the idea of

nerves

and the basic principles on the trophic

function of the nervous system. Additionally, his collaboration with the Botkin Clinic produced evidence of a basic

pattern in the regulation of reflexes in the activity of circulatory organs.

[

]

He was inspired to pursue a scientific career by

, a literary critic and natural science advocate and

, a physiologist, whom Pavlov described as "the father of

Career

[

]

A 1935 portrait of Pavlov by

Studies in Germany

[

]

After completing his doctorate, Pavlov went to

, where he studied in

with

and Eimear Kelly in the Heidenhain laboratories in

. He

remained there from 1884 to 1886. Heidenhain was studying digestion in dogs, using

an exteriorized section of the stomach. However, Pavlov perfected the technique by overcoming the problem of

maintaining the external nerve supply. The exteriorized section became known as the Heidenhain or Pavlov pouch.

Return to Russia

[

]

In 1886, Pavlov returned to Russia to look for a new position. His application for the chair of physiology at the

was rejected. Eventually, Pavlov was offered the chair of pharmacology at

in Siberia and at the

in Poland. He did not take up either post. In 1890, he was

appointed the role of professor of Pharmacology at the Military Medical Academy and occupied the position for five

years.

In 1891, Pavlov was invited to the

in St. Petersburg to organize and

direct the Department of Physiology.

Over a 45-year period, under his direction, the institute became one of the most important centers of physiological

research in the world.

Pavlov continued to direct the Department of Physiology at the institute, while taking up the

chair of physiology at the Medical Military Academy in 1895. Pavlov would head the physiology department at the

academy continuously for three decades.

Nobel Prize

[

]

Starting in 1901, Pavlov was nominated over four successive years for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He

did not win the prize until 1904 because his previous nominations were not specific to any discovery, but based on a

variety of laboratory findings.

When Pavlov received the

it was specified that he did so "in

recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has

been transformed and enlarged".

Studies of digestion

[

]

At the Institute of Experimental Medicine, Pavlov carried out his classical experiments on the digestive glands, which

would eventually grant him the aforementioned Nobel prize.

Pavlov's laboratory housed a full-scale kennel for the experimental canines. Pavlov was interested in observing their

long-term physiological processes. This required keeping them alive and healthy to conduct chronic experiments, as he

called them. These were experiments over time, designed to understand the normal functions of dogs. This was a new

kind of study, because previously experiments had been "acute", meaning that the dog underwent

which

ultimately killed it.

Pavlov would often remove the

of several dogs and created a

in their

throats.

Other activities

[

]

Pavlov (right) and his

granddaughter Milochka pictured

with

in 1924

A 1921 article by Sergius Morgulis in the journal

reported the effects of

the

on Russian scientists' access to scientific literature and

resources. Morgulis quoted from a report by

(later collected in

) that Pavlov grew potatoes and carrots in his laboratory. He added

"It is gratifying to be assured that Professor Pavlov is raising potatoes only as a

pastime and still gives the best of his genius to scientific investigation".

That same year, Pavlov began holding

laboratory meetings known as the 'Wednesday meetings' at which he spoke frankly on many topics, including his views on

psychology. These meetings lasted until he died in 1936.

Relationship with the Soviet government

[

]

Pavlov was highly regarded by the

, and he was able to continue his research. He was praised by

Despite praise from the Soviet Union government, the money that poured in to support his

laboratory, and the honours he was given, Pavlov made no attempts to conceal the disapproval and contempt with which

he regarded

In 1923, Pavlov stated that he would not sacrifice even the hind leg of a frog to the type of social experiment that

the

was conducting in Russia. Four years later, he wrote to

, protesting at what was

being done to Russian intellectuals and saying he was ashamed to be a Russian.

After the murder of

1934, Pavlov wrote several letters to

criticizing the mass persecutions that followed, and asking

for the reconsideration of cases pertaining to several people he knew personally.

In the final years of his life, Pavlov's attitude towards the Soviet government softened; without fully endorsing its

policies, he praised the Soviet government for its support of scientific institutions.

In 1935, a few months before

his death, Pavlov read a draft of the 1936 "

" and expressed his pleasure at the apparent dawn of a

more free and democratic Soviet Union.

Death and burial

[

]

Conscious until his final moments, Pavlov asked one of his students to sit beside his bed and to record the

circumstances of his dying. He wanted to create unique evidence of subjective experiences of this terminal phase of

life.

Pavlov died on 27 February 1936 of

at the age of 86.

He was given a grand funeral, and

his study and laboratory were preserved as a museum in his honour.

His grave is in the Literatorskie mostki

(writers' footways) section of

in St. Petersburg.

Reflex system research

[

]

Further information:

For broader coverage of 'Pavlovian response', see

Pavlov contributed to many areas of physiology and neurological sciences. Most of his work involved research in

and

. Pavlov performed and directed experiments on digestion,

eventually publishing

The Work of the Digestive Glands

in 1897, after 12 years of research. His experiments earned him

the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.

These experiments included surgically extracting portions of the digestive system from nonhuman animals, severing

nerve bundles to determine the effects, and implanting

between digestive organs and an external pouch to

examine the organ's contents. This research served as a base for broad research on the

. Further work

on reflex actions involved involuntary reactions to stress and pain.

[

]

Nervous system research

[

]

One of Pavlov's dogs with a

surgically implanted

measure

the Pavlov Museum in

Russia

Pavlov was always interested in biomarkers of temperament types described by

Hippocrates and Galen. He called these biomarkers "properties of nervous systems"

and identified three main properties: (1) strength, (2) mobility of nervous

processes and (3) a balance between excitation and inhibition and derived four types

based on these three properties. He extended the definitions of the four temperament

types under study at the time: choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine, and melancholic,

updating the names to "the strong and impetuous type, the strong equilibrated and

quiet type, the strong equilibrated and lively type, and the weak type", respectively.

[

]

Pavlov and his researchers observed and began the study of

(TMI), the body's natural response

of shutting down when exposed to overwhelming stress or pain by electric shock.

[

]

This research

showed how all temperament types responded to the stimuli the same way, but different temperaments move through the

responses at different times. He commented "that the most basic inherited difference ... was how soon they reached

this shutdown point and that the quick-to-shut-down have a fundamentally different type of nervous system."

Pavlov carried out experiments on the digestive glands, as well as investigated the

function of dogs, and

eventually won the

in 1904,

becoming the first Russian Nobel laureate. A

survey in the

, published in 2002, ranked Pavlov as the 24th most cited psychologist of

the 20th century.

Pavlov's principles of classical conditioning have been found to operate across a variety of

and in

experimental and clinical settings, such as educational classrooms and even reducing phobias with

Classical conditioning

[

]

The basics of Pavlov's

serve as a historical backdrop for current learning theories.

However, the Russian physiologist's initial interest in classical conditioning occurred almost by accident during one

of his experiments on digestion in dogs.

Considering that Pavlov worked closely with nonhuman animals throughout

many of his experiments, his early contributions were primarily about learning in nonhuman animals. However, the

fundamentals of classical conditioning have been examined across many different organisms, including humans.

The

basic underlying principles of Pavlov's classical conditioning have extended to a variety of settings, such as

classrooms and learning environments.

Classical conditioning focuses on using preceding conditions to alter behavioral reactions. The principles underlying

classical conditioning have influenced preventative antecedent control strategies used in the classroom.

Classical

conditioning set the groundwork for the present day

practices, such as antecedent control.

Antecedent events and conditions are defined as those conditions occurring before the behavior.

Pavlov's early

experiments used manipulation of events or stimuli preceding behavior (i.e., a tone) to produce salivation in dogs

much like teachers manipulate instruction and learning environments to produce positive behaviors or decrease

maladaptive behaviors. Although he did not refer to the tone as an antecedent, Pavlov was one of the first scientists

to demonstrate the relationship between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses. Pavlov systematically

presented and withdrew stimuli to determine the antecedents that were eliciting responses, which is similar to the

ways in which educational professionals conduct functional behavior assessments.

Antecedent strategies are supported by empirical evidence to operate implicitly within classroom environments.

Antecedent-based interventions are supported by research to be preventative, and to produce immediate reductions in

problem behaviors.

Awards and honours

[

]

Pavlov was awarded the

in 1904. He was elected a

elected an International Member of the United States

1908,

was awarded the Royal Society's

in 1915, and elected an International Member of the

in 1932.

He became a foreign member of the

1907.

, the

and

are named in his honour. The asteroid

and the lunar crater

were also named after him.

Legacy

[

]

Monument to Ivan Pavlov in

Ryazan

The concept for which Pavlov is best known is the "

", or what he

called the "conditional reflex", which he developed jointly with his assistant Ivan

Tolochinov in 1901;

at the

published similar research in 1902, a year before Pavlov published his.

The concept was developed after observing the rates of salivation in dogs. Pavlov

noticed that his dogs began to salivate in the presence of the technician who normally fed them, rather than simply

salivating in the presence of the food. If a buzzer or metronome was sounded before the food was given, the dog would

later come to associate the sound with the presentation of the food and salivate upon the presentation of the sound

stimulus alone.

Tolochinov, whose own term for the phenomenon had been "reflex at a distance", communicated the

results at the Congress of Natural Sciences in

in 1903.

Later the same year Pavlov more fully explained

the findings, at the 14th

, where he read a paper titled

The Experimental

Psychology and Psychopathology of Animals

Pavlov's work became known in the West, particularly through the writings of

and

, and the

idea of "conditioning", as an automatic form of learning, became a key concept in the developing specialism of

, and the general approach to psychology that underlay it,

. Pavlov's work with

classical conditioning was of huge influence on how humans perceived themselves, their behavior and learning

processes; his studies of classical conditioning continue to be central to modern

The Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the

was founded by Pavlov in 1925 and named after

him following his death.

British philosopher

observed that "[w]hether Pavlov's methods can be made to cover the whole of human

behaviour is open to question, but at any rate they cover a very large field and within this field they have shown how

to apply

with quantitative exactitude".

Pavlov's research on conditional reflexes greatly influenced not only science, but also popular culture. Pavlovian

conditioning is a major theme in

novel,

(1932), and in

(1973).

2024 commemorative Russian

stamp featuring Ivan Pavlov

It is popularly believed that Pavlov always signalled the occurrence of food by

ringing a bell. However, his writings record the use of a wide variety of stimuli,

including electric shocks,

, and a range of

visual stimuli, in addition to the ring of a bell. In 1994,

cast

doubt on whether Pavlov ever actually used a bell in his experiments.

Littman

tentatively attributed the popular imagery to Pavlov's contemporaries

and John B.

Watson. Roger K. Thomas, of the

, however, said they had found "three additional references to

Pavlov's use of a bell that strongly challenge Littman's argument".

In reply, Littman suggested that Catania's

recollection, that Pavlov did not use a bell in research, was "convincing ... and correct".

In 1964, the psychologist

reviewed Pavlov's "Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes" for

: Volume I –

"Twenty-five Years of Objective Study of the Higher Nervous Activity of Animals", Volume II – "Conditioned Reflexes and

Psychiatry".

Personal life

[

]

Pavlov and his future wife,

Seraphima Vasilievna, in 1880

Pavlov married Seraphima Vasilievna Karchevskaya on 1 May 1881. Seraphima, called

Sara for short, was born in 1855. They had met in 1878 or 1879 when she went to St.

Petersburg to study at the Pedagogical Institute. In her later years, she suffered

from ill health and died in 1947.

[

]

The first nine years of their marriage were marred by financial problems; Pavlov and his wife often had to stay with

others to have a home and, for a time, the two lived apart so that they could find hospitality. Although their poverty

caused despair, material welfare was a secondary consideration. Sara's first pregnancy ended in a miscarriage. When

she conceived again, the couple took precautions, and she safely gave birth to their first child, a boy whom they

named Mirchik; Sara became deeply depressed following Mirchik's sudden death in childhood.

[

]

Pavlov and his wife eventually had four more children: Vladimir, Victor, Vsevolod, and Vera.

Their youngest son,

Vsevolod, died of

in 1935, only one year before his father.

Pavlov was an atheist. Pavlov's follower E. M. Kreps asked him whether he was religious. Kreps writes that Pavlov

smiled and replied: "Listen, good fellow, in regard to [claims of] my religiosity, my belief in God, my church

attendance, there is no truth in it; it is sheer fantasy. I was a

, and like the majority of seminarians, I

became an unbeliever, an atheist in my school years."